Serving Quality Education
Serving Quality Education
Proof of DNA as the Genetic Material – Experiment of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA (and not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes. Avery, MacLeod…
Discovery of DNA as the Genetic Material – Hershey-Chase Experiment In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase made an effort to find the genetic material in organisms. Their experiments led to an unequivocal proof to DNA as the genetic material. Bacteriophages (viruses…
DNA replication DNA replication is a process which occurs inside nucleus and requires various enzymes which help to manage this typical process. It is really difficult to learn the name, working order, and functions of these enzymes. But now you can…
Lac Operon Watch this video Gene Regulation and the Order of the Operon – YouTube
Codon chart Watch this video How to Read a Codon Chart – YouTube
Process from DNA to Proteins – Central Dogma of molecular biology Watch this video From DNA to protein – 3D – YouTube
Steps of DNA fingerprinting
Is Protein Formation a Continuous Process? Do you think that our body continuously synthesizes proteins? No, proteins are not made continuously in the cells. They are made only when they are needed in the cell for cellular functions. The mRNA…
Euchromatin and Heterochromatin Are the two terms – Heterochromatin and Euchromatin confusing? If yes, we will clear the confusion here. Heterochromatin and euchromatin are two major categories of chromatin structure. Heterochromatin has condensed chromatin structure and hence appears dark during staining process. It is inactive for transcription. On the other…
Leading and lagging strands Tell me students as the name suggests, is lagging strand formed behind the leading strand? No, this is not the case. The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is synthesized in the same direction as…
Nucleotides and Nucleosides Nucleotides are said to be the building blocks of nucleic acids. What are Nucleosides then? Are the two components same? Or is there some difference between them? Yes, they are different. The main difference lies in their molecular composition. Nucleosides contain only pentose…
Template strand and Coding strand Sometimes when we are asked for the difference between the above two terms, we tend to get confused. But not any more. Let us clear this confusion now. One strand, the template strand, serves as…
diagrams 1 DNA 2 Nitrogenous Bases 3 Nucleosome 4 Detailed Structure of DNA 5 Replication Fork 6 Central Dogma of Genetics 7 Clover Leaf Model of t-rna 8 Operon Model
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting This technique is used to: Identify criminals in forensic laboratories. Settle paternity disputes. Verify whether a hopeful immigrant is really a close relative of an already established resident. Identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution.
DNA Fingerprinting Alec Jeffreys et al (1985) developed the procedure of genetic analysis and forensic medicine, called DNA fingerprinting. Of the total base sequence present in humans, 99.9% in all human beings are identical. The remaining 0.1% differs from person to person and makes…
Salient Features of the Human Genome The human genome is made up of 3164.7 million nucleotide bases. On an average, a gene consists of 3000 bases, but size may vary. Human beings have about 30,000 genes. For over 50 percent…
Human Genome Project (HGP) The project was coordinated by the United States Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. The method involved the two major approaches- first identifying all the genes that express as RNA called Express sequence tags (EST). The…
Regulation of Gene Expression All the genes are not activated constantly. The genes are needed only when proteins are needed. These are thus called regulatory genes and are made to function only when required and remain non-functional at other times. Such regulated genes,…
Salient Features of Genetic Code The code is triplet. 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for any amino acids; these are called stop codons (UAG, UGA and UAA). Codon is unambiguous and specific. It codes for just one amino acid.…
Genetic Code Genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. George Gamow suggested that genetic code should be a combination of 3 nucleotides to code 20 amino…